Erectile dysfunction

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the persistent inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance. The disorder is age-associated, with estimated prevalence rates of 39% among men 40 years old and 67% among those 70 years old. ED is a common (2 to 3 million males in Italy) and multifactorial disease due to organic and/or psychological factors that strongly impair the quality of life in man. During the last decade many advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of ED have been made and new therapeutic strategies have become available. It has been established that an insufficient production of nitric oxide by penile nerve terminals and/or vascular endothelium may result in an impaired erection or complete impotence. Nowadays, intracavernous injection of vasoactive drugs represents a standardised approach for the diagnosis and a treatment option for ED, but is not widely accepted by the patients. The possibility of treating ED with new oral agents (i.e. sildenafil, apomorphine, phentolamine) or intraurethral administration of prostaglandin- E1 made this therapy more acceptable. Vacuum erection devices and penile prostheses represent second-line treatments. Men with ED caused by endocrine disorders (i.e. hypogonadism, prolactinomas) should be treated appropriately (i.e testosterone and dopaminergic agonists, respectively). Amongst new drugs, sildenafil is considered the most promising: it is a potent inhibitor of type-5 phosphodiesterase in the corpus cavernosum and therefore increases the penile response to sexual stimulation. Oral sildenafil (25-100 mg when needed) is an effective and well-tolerated treatment in impotent men suffering from ED of unknown etiology.