Prevalence and factors related to malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in children and adolescents in Italy

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of dental and root caries, periodontal conditions, and prosthetic status of prison inmates. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: Penal institutions in the Calabria region (Italy). Participants: A random sample of 544 prisoners. Methods: Participants underwent a structured interview by trained interviewers and a dental examination. Results: Only 2% had no history of caries. Mean DMFT and DMFS were 9.8 and 37.6 and missing teeth was the most prevalent component of the DMFT. Higher DMFT was found among older prisoners, having regular dental attendance, higher plaque index, and in those with a lower frequency of a tooth brushing habit. Conservative care and extractions were required by 61.9% and 33.3%. The mean plaque and gingival indices were 0.74 and 0.75; 10.5% had healthy periodontal tissues. The highest number of individuals was classified as having a CPI of 2, whereas 5% had at least one sextant with a CPI score of 4. Deep pockets were more likely in older subjects and in those with a lower frequency of a tooth brushing habit. A minimum of oral hygiene instruction was needed by 89.6%. Seven subjects were edentulous and 85.1% had a prosthetic treatment need. Conclusions: This survey emphasises the need for programmes to improve the oral health of prisoners.