Migraine and Restless Legs Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis

Restless legs syndrome is a sensorimotor disorder of sleep/wake regulation that frequently coexists with migraine, affecting patients' quality of life. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of restless legs syndrome in individuals with migraine and to explore the associated clinical, demographic and behavioural aspects. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the existing literature was conducted. Articles were included if they provided data on individuals with migraine, with or without restless legs syndrome and these proportions were used to estimate the prevalence of restless legs syndrome in migraine. A total of 30 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The overall pooled prevalence of restless legs syndrome among individuals with migraine was 20% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 17%–23%). The pooled prevalence of restless legs syndrome was affected by migraine duration (higher prevalence with longer duration), disability (higher prevalence with greater migraine-related disability) and age (higher prevalence in older individuals). A significant association was found between restless legs syndrome, migraine with aura and chronic migraine. No significant sex-related differences were observed. Among behavioural factors, depression, pain and poor sleep quality were significantly associated with restless legs syndrome. These findings suggest that restless legs syndrome is a common comorbidity in migraine with aura and chronic migraine, with a higher prevalence than that reported in the general population. Moreover, specific demographic, clinical and behavioural characteristics may help identify individuals at higher risk. Further studies are needed to clarify the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and to identify potential therapeutic targets.