The Unidroit Convention of 2001 reflects the need to protect investments in the collateral securities’ field, of economic vital importance for businesses. The need to provide a uniform legal regime aims to facilitate the financing of international sales in the sector of instrumental goods with a high intrinsic value (mobile equipments) has contributed to the success of Unidroit’s initiative about the creation of an international interest in favor of creditors who have concluded a specific agreement of guarantee, of sellers with reserve property and lessors. It sits alongside existing securities in each jurisdiction, without altering national’s law tissue. Innovation is evident in civil law countries which have the guarantee securities based on possessory lien. The guarantee element of the borrower is not, in fact, represented by the dispossession of the chattel, but by the system of transcription into the International Registry (legal publicity) that provides information on all the rights imposed directly on the property, and those that may take place outside the realization of collateral. The Convention (art. 2.3) come within the mobile equipment: airframes, aircraft engines and helicopters, representing, all, the category of aircraft equipment; fall into the category of mobile equipment also the railway rolling stock and assets such as satellites. The script reconstructs the complex legislation applicable to aircrcraft objects sale’s by examining the provisions of the Convention and its Aircraft Protocol. The point of departure is the analysis Protocol’s Article III, characterized by a formulation not entirely clear. It lists, in the first part, the articles of the Convention applicable to the sale and future sales, by referring on them, with the only substitution of the words “contract of sale”, “sale”, “prospective sale”, “seller” and “buyer” for all the times in which the Convention refers respectively: to an agreement creating or providing for an international interest (which must then be understood as a "sale"), a prospective international interest (which must be understood "prospective sale"), the debtor (which must be considered a "seller") and the creditor (which must be regarded as “buyer”). The second part sets out the articles and chapters of the Convention applies in full, without the mediation of art. III, with reference to the sale and future sales of aircraft, except where otherwise specified. Thus the articles of the Convention invoked under the Protocol impose, through the mediation determined by the latter, the regulation of the sale and future sales of aircraft (aircraft objects). The articulated interpretation of the above mentioned art. III allows splitting the predictions of the Convention on the sale and future sales, in three categories: those that apply with the adjustment required by art. III, those of general application could be adopted as contained in the Convention, without adaptation, and those that do not apply to these contracts. On the basis of the exegesis conventional rules’, is underlined their significant innovations in the context of the conventions of uniform material law which, while referring to the sale, does not explicitly provide the relevant formula, leaving the task to obtain it on the interpreter according to the applicable rules.
La Convenzione Unidroit del 2001 risponde alla necessità di tutelare gli investimenti nel settore delle garanzie mobiliari, di vitale rilevanza economica per le imprese. L’esigenza di fornire un regime giuridico uniforme diretto a facilitare il finanziamento delle vendite internazionali nel settore dei beni strumentali ad alto valore intrinseco (mobile equipments) ha contribuito al successo dell’iniziativa dell’Unidroit sulla costituzione di un international interest a favore dei creditori che abbiano stipulato uno specifico accordo di garanzia, dei venditori con riserva di proprietà e dei lessors. Esso si affianca alle garanzie esistenti in ciascun ordinamento, senza alterare il tessuto normativo nazionale. L’innovazione è evidente nei paesi di civil law in cui vige la garanzia mobiliare fondata sul pegno possessorio. L’elemento di garanzia dell’adempimento del debitore non è, infatti, rappresentato dallo spossessamento del bene mobile, ma dal sistema di trascrizione nell’apposito registro internazionale (pubblicità legale) che fornisce informazioni su tutti i diritti gravanti direttamente sul bene, e su quelli suscettibili di intervenire al di fuori della realizzazione della garanzia. La Convenzione (art. 2, par. 3) fa rientrare nel termine di mobile equipment cellule di aeromobili (airframes), motori di aerei (aircraft engines) ed elicotteri (helicopters), che rappresentano, tutti, la categoria degli aircraft equipment; ricadono nel novero dei mobile equipment anche il materiale ferroviario trasportabile e beni, come i satelliti, di tipo spaziale. Lo scritto ricostruisce la complessa normativa applicabile alla vendita di aircrcraft objects mediante la disamina delle disposizioni contenute nella Convenzione e nel relativo Protocollo aeronautico. Il punto di partenza è rappresentato dall’analisi dell’art. III del Protocollo, caratterizzato da una formulazione tutt’altro che chiara. Esso elenca, nella prima parte, gli articoli della stessa Convenzione applicabili alla vendita ed alla vendita futura, operando un rinvio ai medesimi, con la sola sostituzione dei termini «contratto di vendita», «vendita», «vendita futura», «venditore» e «compratore» tutte le volte in cui la Convenzione si riferisce rispettivamente: ad un accordo che crea o prevede una garanzia internazionale (che deve essere intesa quindi quale «contratto di vendita»); ad una garanzia internazionale (che deve essere intesa «vendita»); ad una garanzia internazionale futura (che deve essere intesa «vendita futura»); al debitore (che deve essere considerato «venditore») ed il creditore (che deve essere considerato «compratore»). La seconda parte enuncia gli articoli e i capitoli della Convenzione integralmente applicabili, senza la mediazione dell’art. III, con riferimento alla vendita ed alla vendita futura di materiale aeronautico, salvo il caso in cui sia diversamente specificato. Sicché gli articoli della Convenzione richiamati dalla norma del Protocollo impongono, attraverso la mediazione determinata da quest’ultima, la disciplina della vendita e della vendita futura di materiale aeronautico (aircraft objects). L’articolata interpretazione del supra richiamato art. III consente di suddividere le previsioni della Convenzione sulla vendita e sulla vendita futura, in tre categorie: quelle che si applicano con l’adattamento imposto dall’art. III, quelle di applicazione generale suscettibili di adozione così come contenute nella Convenzione, senza adattamento, e quelle che non si applicano a tali contratti. Alla luce dell’esegesi delle norme convenzionali, è posta in risalto la loro significativa novità nel quadro di quelle Convenzioni di diritto materiale uniforme che, pur riferendosi alla vendita, non ne forniscono esplicitamente la pertinente formula, lasciando all’interprete il compito di ricavarla alla luce della disciplina applicabile.
Osservazioni sull’applicazione della Convenzione Unidroit del 2001 ai contratti di vendita ai sensi del Protocollo aeronautico
SIA ANNA L. MELANIA
2005-01-01
Abstract
The Unidroit Convention of 2001 reflects the need to protect investments in the collateral securities’ field, of economic vital importance for businesses. The need to provide a uniform legal regime aims to facilitate the financing of international sales in the sector of instrumental goods with a high intrinsic value (mobile equipments) has contributed to the success of Unidroit’s initiative about the creation of an international interest in favor of creditors who have concluded a specific agreement of guarantee, of sellers with reserve property and lessors. It sits alongside existing securities in each jurisdiction, without altering national’s law tissue. Innovation is evident in civil law countries which have the guarantee securities based on possessory lien. The guarantee element of the borrower is not, in fact, represented by the dispossession of the chattel, but by the system of transcription into the International Registry (legal publicity) that provides information on all the rights imposed directly on the property, and those that may take place outside the realization of collateral. The Convention (art. 2.3) come within the mobile equipment: airframes, aircraft engines and helicopters, representing, all, the category of aircraft equipment; fall into the category of mobile equipment also the railway rolling stock and assets such as satellites. The script reconstructs the complex legislation applicable to aircrcraft objects sale’s by examining the provisions of the Convention and its Aircraft Protocol. The point of departure is the analysis Protocol’s Article III, characterized by a formulation not entirely clear. It lists, in the first part, the articles of the Convention applicable to the sale and future sales, by referring on them, with the only substitution of the words “contract of sale”, “sale”, “prospective sale”, “seller” and “buyer” for all the times in which the Convention refers respectively: to an agreement creating or providing for an international interest (which must then be understood as a "sale"), a prospective international interest (which must be understood "prospective sale"), the debtor (which must be considered a "seller") and the creditor (which must be regarded as “buyer”). The second part sets out the articles and chapters of the Convention applies in full, without the mediation of art. III, with reference to the sale and future sales of aircraft, except where otherwise specified. Thus the articles of the Convention invoked under the Protocol impose, through the mediation determined by the latter, the regulation of the sale and future sales of aircraft (aircraft objects). The articulated interpretation of the above mentioned art. III allows splitting the predictions of the Convention on the sale and future sales, in three categories: those that apply with the adjustment required by art. III, those of general application could be adopted as contained in the Convention, without adaptation, and those that do not apply to these contracts. On the basis of the exegesis conventional rules’, is underlined their significant innovations in the context of the conventions of uniform material law which, while referring to the sale, does not explicitly provide the relevant formula, leaving the task to obtain it on the interpreter according to the applicable rules.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
